Pounded raw rice, fine rice flour and the water in which the rice was soaked were recorded in this old medical text as eye treatments. Bakanae or foot rot disease caused by fusarium fujikuroi nirenberg is an important emerging disease of rice across the world. M105 is susceptible to the race of blast disease found in california. Grain discoloration yellow rice, spotted rice, brown spot, stackburn, red blotch, black kernel, pecky rice, dirty rice, bunt, scab, and black rot dark discoloration. Document the incidence of rice diseases in the rice growing area of the sacramento valley. Biological control of rice bakanae by an endophytic. Bakanae of rice cause by fusarium moniliforme sexual stage.
Symptoms of elongated seedlings led to the identification of bakanae in california rice fields in 1999. Bakanae disease of rice pdf pdf bakanae disease is widely distributed in all rice growing areas of the world. Bakanae disease is a disease of rice caused by gibberella fujikuroi that was first described in japan and now is widely distributed throughout asia, africa, north america, and italy ou 1985. Disin fection of rice seeds is very effective and easy to do as one of the disease control methods. Proteomic dissection of the rice fusarium fujikuroi interaction and. Seedling disease affects rice during the first two weeks after planting, killing seeds before they germinate. Bakanae disease was first found in california in 1999. Mapping of qbk1, a major qtl for bakanae disease resistance. They are mainly caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It suffers from various biotic and abiotic stresses, among which bakanae disease caused by fusarium fujikuroi is one of the major and emerging constraints for its production.
According to the writers experiments it is clear that the fungus has the power of attacking riceseedlings germinated in. After screening, primers were selected to target fusariumdna sequences, that is, the intergenic spacer igs. It is caused by the fungus gibberella fujikuroi, the metabolism of which produces a surplus of gibberellic acid. The same fungicide when used for seed treatment and soil drenching was found most effective to control the disease in vivo. The bakanae disease was proved to be caused by a species of fusarium isolated from the tissues of the infested plants. Other reports show that bakanae also infects maize, sorghum, and sugarcane. Bakanae disease was widespread in peninsular malaysia and three provinces of indonesia with the range of disease severity from scale 1 to 5 and disease incidence from 0. To gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of rice bakanae disease resistance, we employed a 6plex tandem mass tag approach for relative quantitative. Jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and salicylic acid are. In many parts of southeast asia, it is also a very common cause for yield loss. Jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and salicylic acid are involved. Experience indicates the m105 and m104 are more susceptible to blast than m206, however th e field resistance of m105 is not known. Bakanae disease induces sterility, resulting in a considerable loss of grain yield ou, 1985, zainudin et al. In various rice growing countries, significant yield losses caused by the disease can range from 50% to more than 70%.
The incidence of this disease is increasing in the top ricegrowing countries. Mapping quantitative trait loci responsible for resistance to. There are reports of yield losses of 20% in hokkaido, japan, as high as 4050% in the kinkichugoku region of japan, 15% in eastern districts of uttar pradesh, india, and 3. The fungus infects plants through the roots or crowns. Diseased plants are often conspicuous in a field because of their extreme height and pale, spindly appearance.
A 2003 publication from the international rice research institute estimated that outbreaks of bakanae caused crop losses that were 20% to 50% in japan, 15% in thailand and 3. Bakanae, foliar spray, fungicide, resistant variety, rouging, seed treatment abstract bakanae disease is widely distributed in all rice growing areas of the world. It is responsible for high yield losses ranging from 3. Bakanae disease of rice is caused by a fungus and the scientific name of the fungus is fusarium moniliforme it is the imperfect stage of the fungus or gibberella fujikuroi it is the perfect stage of this fungus. Bakanae disease decreases rice grain yield by 2050% in japan ou 1985 and 1525% in india gupta et al. An extensive survey conducted during 2014 in two districts of south kashmir viz. Bakanae or foot rot disease is a prominent disease of rice caused by gibberella fujikuroi. Etiology of the causal agent based on morphological, physiological and pathogenicity characteristics. Detecting bakanae disease in rice seedlings by machine vision. The bakanae disease is known to be discovered in 1828 but was named in 1898. Oster of plant pathology, university of california, davis and the california rice experiment station bakanae is one of the oldest known diseases to infect rice in asia, but it was not observed in the united states or california until 1999.
Evaluation of fungicides for the control of bakanae disease. Rice production is threatened by bakanae disease, which is primarily caused by the fungus fusarium fujikuroi. Sep, 2016 bakanae or foot rot disease caused by fusarium fujikuroi teleomorph. Rice bakanae is an important disease that causes serious rice production loss worldwide. Other experiments in pathogen free soil showed that when infected crop. Use clean seeds to minimize the occurrence of the disease. Bakanae disease of rice in california update laurel anderson, r. Here, we developed 168 nearisogenic rice lines nils, bc6f4 to locate a qtl for. Rice is one of the important food crops grown in india and all over world. Survey of incidence of rice diseases in the sacramento. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of bakanae disease of rice. To understand the basis of rice resistance, a quantitative method to simultaneously detect phytohormones and phytoalexins was developed by using hplcmsms. Rice blast caused by pyricularia grisea first identified in ca in 1996 most important rice disease worldwide fungal spores dispersed by air multiple cycle disease very dependent upon environmental conditions leaf wetness, high r.
Gibberella fujikuroi is one of the important disease of rice occurring throughout rice oryza sativa l. Studies on control of bakanae disease of rice plants, caused by gibberella fujikuroi. Bakanea, a systemic, seedborne disease caused by fusarium fujikuroi, is increasing in occurrence. Gibberella fujikuroi sawada ito is emerging as a serious disease in rice. Biological control of fusarium fujikuroi the causal agent of. Bakanae disease caused by fusarium fujikuroi nirenberg f. Integrated approach to control false smut in hybrid rice it has become one of the most important rice diseases in china due to the largescale expansion of highyielding rice varieties, over use of chemical fertilizers and more. With this method dynamic profiles and possible interactions of defenserelated phytohormones and phytoalexins. According to the writers experiments it is clear that the fungus has the power of attacking riceseedlings germinated in perfect health, causing the characteristic overgrowth. Bakanae disease of rice is widely distributed in asia and was first recognized in japan in 1828. Breeding for resistance to bakanae disease is a promising strategy to manage this emerging disease. Progress 100105 to 093007 outputs studies on the bakanae disease giberella fujikouri of rice showed that it is a single cycle disease and that infested seed is the primary source of inoculum.
Fusarium moniliforme was found pathogenic on rice variety basmati385, after seed or soil infestation. Pdf bakanae disease is widely distributed in all rice growing areas of the world. Diseases not included in the survey were seedling disease and bakanae. Crop losses caused by the disease may reach up to 20% in outbreak cases. Bakanae is one of the oldest known diseases of rice in asia but has only been observed in california rice since 1999 and now occurs in all california ricegrowing regions. The pathogen infects rice grains in fields and during storage. Bakanae disease of rice caused by fusarium fujikuroi nirenberg anamorph is destructive especially in asian countries, where rice is an. Genetic diversity a, genetic divergence fst b and marker density c estimates. This disease is also called white stalk, generally distributed where ever rice is grown. Identification of bakanae disease resistance loci in japonica rice. Pdf an over view of bakanae disease of rice researchgate.
Bakanae disease is one of the most serious and oldest problems affecting rice production, first described in 1828 in japan ito and kimura 1931 and currently identified in europe, asia, africa, and north america ou 1985. The disease is commonly seen in many parts of south. Bakanae is one of the major diseases of rice in bangladesh and causes substantial yield loss. We describe a new method for rapid diagnosis of rice bakanae caused by fusarium fujikuroi and f. Disinfection of rice seeds is just a preliminary work of plant disease control in rice culture. Pdf management of bakanae disease of rice caused by fusarium. The major goals of this project are to gain an improved understanding of the biology of the diseases that affect rice in california and to develop methods to minimize their damage to the crop. Identification of bakanae disease resistance loci in. While, the efficiency of practical control on bakanae disease was judged in the seedling bed test in next spring. Bakanae is one of the oldest known diseases of rice in asia but has only been observed in california rice since 1999 and now occurs in all california rice growing regions.
This disease may infect rice plants from the preemergence stage to the mature stage. The occurrence of the disease in india has been reported by thomas 1937, padwick 1938, padmanabhan 1949, chattopadhyay and sen gupta 1952 and kar 1966. It is for extermination of disease germs on the seeds so that rice might grow soundly. Bakanae effects on yield 8600 8800 9000 9200 9400 9600 9800 0 10200 10400 10600 10800 lbsac m202 m205 m206 not inoc inoc 100ml inoc 0ml. The incidence of this disease is increasing in the top rice growing countries. This exaggerated growth response was found to be due to. Pathogenic variability of fusarium fujikuroi causing bakanae. Surveying this disease is difficult because it occurs before plant structures can be observed.
There have been few estimates of losses due to bakanae disease, caused by g. Jan 10, 2018 the common bakanae disease symptoms in rice plant are abnormal elongation such as tall, lanky tillers with pale green flag leaves, driedup leaves, and infertile panicles mew and gonzales 2002. Jan 28, 2019 bakanae disease, caused by the fungus fusarium fujikuroi, occurs widely throughout asia and europe and sporadically in other rice production areas. In 1999, bakanae infested as much as 30% of rice fields in california. Biological control of rice bakanae by an endophytic bacillus. Recent changes in climate and cropping patterns have aggravated this disease. Influence on flowering season on rice plants and seed transmissibility through flower infection. The puzzle of bakanae disease through interactions between. In the plant, this acts as a growth hormone, causing hypertrophy.
Chemical control of bakanae disease of rice caused by. Thus, higher resistance to this disease may be a costsaving solution preferable to the application of fungicides. This study aimed to determine its inoculum potential in rice seeds, effect on yield, and seed treatment materials to control the disease. Pdf management of bakanae disease of rice caused by. The effect of silicate, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on chemical components of rice plants and on the incidence of blast disease of rice caused by pyricularia oryzae. While very damaging in asia, the extent to which bakanae may effect california rice production is unknown. Bakanae disease of rice caused by fusarium fujikuroi nirenberg anamorph is destructive especially in asian countries, where rice is an economically important crop. Fusarium fujikuroi, the causal agent of bakanae disease, is the main seedborne pathogen on rice. Bakanae disease, caused by the fungus fusarium fujikuroi, occurs widely throughout asia and europe and sporadically in other rice production. Bakanae disease is caused by several species of fusarium and imposes serious limitations on rice production worldwide. Disease severity scale 09 of bakanae disease at 19 sampling areas in six states throughout the malaysian peninsula and three provinces in indonesia locality of granary areas growth stage of rice plants disease severity scale 09a disease incidence % malaysia langgar, kedah milky and mature 1 0. Survey of incidence of rice diseases in the sacramento valley.
It is infecting psb rc82, a popular variety in all rice ecosystems. Bakanae disease was first identified in japan by shotaro hori in 1898. To control the disease eleven fungicides from different fungicidal. Some infected plants may be stunted instead of elongated, while the. The bakanae disease is caused by the fungus gibberella fujikuroi. Planting a resistant variety is the simplest and, often, the most cost effective management for diseases. Incidence of bakanae disease of basmati rice in southwestern. Methods eight sacramento valley counties where rice is grown were selected for the survey table 1. Develop management practices for recently introduced rice.
Molecular mapping of qbk1 wd, a major qtl for bakanae. Irc 2018 poster presentation groups and titles presentation. To gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of rice bakanae disease resistance, we employed a 6plex tandem. In bangladesh, it is one of the major diseases of rice. Use salt water to separate lightweight, infected seeds during soaking. With this method dynamic profiles and possible interactions of defenserelated phytohormones and phytoalexins were investigated on two rice. Bakanae disease, caused by seedborne fusarium species, mainly f. Identification of bakanae disease resistance loci in japonica. The common bakanae disease symptoms in rice plant are abnormal elongation such as tall, lanky tillers with pale green flag leaves, driedup leaves, and infertile. Burgess lw, summerell ba, bullock s, gott kp, backhouse d. In punjab, foot rot bakanae disease has become an economically important disease in basmati incidence of bakanae disease of basmati rice in southwestern part of punjab and its management gurmail singh sandhu and n.
Webster, professor, department of plant pathology, university of california, davis. Its incidence ranges from 3% to 80% in major rice growing areas, including china, india, bangladesh, and korea, and yield losses due to the bakanae were estimated at approximately 10% to 50%. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of bakanae. A germplasm collection of japonica rice was screened for f.
The disease spreads mainly through airborne conidia and the fungus survives as parasite and saprophyte in the infected grains, plant debris and also on other crop debris. Its incidence ranges from 3% to 80% in major rice growing areas, including china, india, bangladesh, and korea, and yield losses due to the bakanae were estimated at approximately 10% to 50% bonman, 1992. Bakanae disease is a disease that infects the rice plant. In epidemic cases yield losses may reach up to 20% or more. Jun 01, 2016 bakanae disease of rice caused by fusarium fujikuroi nirenberg anamorph is destructive especially in asian countries, where rice is an economically important crop. The disease of rice has widespread occurrence in the ricegrowing tracts of the world. Management pre and postharvest measures should be taken into account for prevention of grain discolouration. The disease was observed in fields in colusa, glenn, butte, sutter and yuba counties. Pdf bakanae disease of rice in malaysia and indonesia. Bakanae disease, one of the most noteworthy seedborne rice diseases, is caused by fusarium fujikuroi, a member of the gibberella fujikuroi species complex. Out of eight fungicides tested, derosal was most effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth in vitro. Infected plants are abnormally tall with pale, thin leaves, produce fewer tillers, and produce only partially filled or empty grains. The disease causes both quantitative and qualitative losses to the grains under the field conditions.
Chugoku agricultural experiment station bulletin, e2. Bakanae incidence was very low when clean seed was planted in fields with a history of the disease. Pathogenic variability of fusarium fujikuroi causing. Bakanae disease also known as foolish seedling disease is emerged as a significantly important disease in rice growing country in asia. The word bakanae is a japanese word that means foolish seedling and describes the excessive elongation often seen in infected plants. Detecting bakanae disease in rice seedlings by machine. Last year plant pathologists set out to determine the distribution and impact of bakanae disease and the cultural practices that foster its development. Management of bakanae disease of rice article pdf available in bangladesh journal of botany 442. Bakanae occured in japan in 1908, which is much earlier than its first occurence in the philippines in 1980s. The decreasing availability of chemical seeddressing products over the last few years has raised the concerns of rice seed companies regarding bakanae disease.
Survey of incidence of rice diseases in the sacramento valley of california luis espino1, ray wennig2 and ray stogsdill2 objective. Bakanae disease, caused by the fungus fusarium fujikuroi, occurs widely throughout asia and europe and sporadically in other rice production areas. Rice technology bulletin series pinoy rice knowledge bank. The pathogen infects rice grains in fields and during storage, colonizes seedlings grown from contaminated grains, and. Management of bakanae disease of rice ks hossain1, mat mia2 and ma bashar department of botany, university of dhaka, dhaka, bangladesh key words. Studies on the control of bakanae disease of rice plant. Laboratory manual for fusarium research, 2nd edition. Pathogenic variability of fusarium fujikuroi abstract bakanae or foot rot disease is one of the newly emerged diseases of rice in kashmir.